Building Data¶

This notebook discusses how to build a series or data frame, possibly using pieces of other series or data frames, to either make new columns for our data or set up a new data frame.

We are going to use the HETREC MovieLens data again.

Setup and Data Load¶

Load our Python modules:

In [1]:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

Load the movie data:

In [2]:

movies = pd.read_table('hetrec2011-ml/movies.dat', sep='\t', encoding='latin1', na_values=['\\N'])
movies.head()

Out[2]:

	id	title	imdbID	spanishTitle	imdbPictureURL	year	rtID	rtAllCriticsRating	rtAllCriticsNumReviews	rtAllCriticsNumFresh	...	rtAllCriticsScore	rtTopCriticsRating	rtTopCriticsNumReviews	rtTopCriticsNumFresh	rtTopCriticsNumRotten	rtTopCriticsScore	rtAudienceRating	rtAudienceNumRatings	rtAudienceScore	rtPictureURL
0	1	Toy story	114709	Toy story (juguetes)	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTMwNDU0...	1995	toy_story	9.0	73.0	73.0	...	100.0	8.5	17.0	17.0	0.0	100.0	3.7	102338.0	81.0	http://content7.flixster.com/movie/10/93/63/10...
1	2	Jumanji	113497	Jumanji	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMzM5NjE1...	1995	1068044-jumanji	5.6	28.0	13.0	...	46.0	5.8	5.0	2.0	3.0	40.0	3.2	44587.0	61.0	http://content8.flixster.com/movie/56/79/73/56...
2	3	Grumpy Old Men	107050	Dos viejos gruñones	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTI5MTgy...	1993	grumpy_old_men	5.9	36.0	24.0	...	66.0	7.0	6.0	5.0	1.0	83.0	3.2	10489.0	66.0	http://content6.flixster.com/movie/25/60/25602...
3	4	Waiting to Exhale	114885	Esperando un respiro	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTczMTMy...	1995	waiting_to_exhale	5.6	25.0	14.0	...	56.0	5.5	11.0	5.0	6.0	45.0	3.3	5666.0	79.0	http://content9.flixster.com/movie/10/94/17/10...
4	5	Father of the Bride Part II	113041	Vuelve el padre de la novia (Ahora también abu...	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTg1NDc2...	1995	father_of_the_bride_part_ii	5.3	19.0	9.0	...	47.0	5.4	5.0	1.0	4.0	20.0	3.0	13761.0	64.0	http://content8.flixster.com/movie/25/54/25542...

5 rows × 21 columns

And the ratings:

In [3]:

ratings = pd.read_table('hetrec2011-ml/user_ratedmovies-timestamps.dat', sep='\t')
ratings.head()

Out[3]:

	userID	movieID	rating	timestamp
0	75	3	1.0	1162160236000
1	75	32	4.5	1162160624000
2	75	110	4.0	1162161008000
3	75	160	2.0	1162160212000
4	75	163	4.0	1162160970000

We're also going to use genres:

In [4]:

movie_genres = pd.read_table('hetrec2011-ml/movie_genres.dat', sep='\t')
movie_genres.head()

Out[4]:

	movieID	genre
0	1	Adventure
1	1	Animation
2	1	Children
3	1	Comedy
4	1	Fantasy

In [5]:

movie_genres['genre'].value_counts()

Out[5]:

Drama          5076
Comedy         3566
Thriller       1664
Romance        1644
Action         1445
Crime          1086
Adventure      1003
Horror          978
Sci-Fi          740
Fantasy         535
Children        519
Mystery         497
War             494
Documentary     430
Musical         421
Animation       279
Western         261
Film-Noir       145
IMAX             25
Short             1
Name: genre, dtype: int64

Creating Arrays¶

Let's start with how to build a NumPy array, before we even get to series and frames.

NumPy gives us several ways to create arrays. We can use np.array to create one from a list, array, data series, or anything else that NumPy thinks looks like an array (the NumPy and Pandas documentation call such objects “array-like”).

So let's make an array:

In [6]:

np.array([0, 2, 5, 9, -3])

Out[6]:

array([ 0,  2,  5,  9, -3])

We can also create an array from a range, with np.arange:

In [7]:

np.arange(10)

Out[7]:

array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

Another super useful way to make an array is np.linspace, which creates an array consisting of evenly-spaced points between two other values, including both of the endpoints:

In [8]:

np.linspace(0, 5, 10)

Out[8]:

array([0.        , 0.55555556, 1.11111111, 1.66666667, 2.22222222,
       2.77777778, 3.33333333, 3.88888889, 4.44444444, 5.        ])

Because it's creating 10 points including 0 and 5, it doesn't include many integer values. Creating 11 points would fix that:

In [9]:

np.linspace(0, 5, 11)

Out[9]:

array([0. , 0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. , 2.5, 3. , 3.5, 4. , 4.5, 5. ])

We can also randomly generate arrays. There are a lot of RNG features in NumPy (see the documentation); we'll start with generating 100 “standard normal” values (normally distributed with mean 0 and variance 1):

In [10]:

rng = np.random.default_rng()
rng.standard_normal(100)

Out[10]:

array([-0.33873561,  0.51678273,  0.14711789,  0.19838675,  0.54761942,
        0.19131156, -0.4752898 ,  0.02024525, -1.33948309,  0.32448087,
       -0.19374478,  0.8344856 , -1.2166371 , -0.37482094,  0.86518527,
        2.18446418,  0.6075668 , -2.31585428, -0.74720259,  1.19992932,
        0.99405759,  2.23903908,  1.81167178,  1.00598331,  0.55223142,
        0.67745515,  0.58957695, -0.46088752,  0.33887571, -0.27662875,
       -1.32340716,  0.13839638, -0.57016739, -0.58275332,  1.09105615,
       -0.61806743,  2.12021099,  1.24762095, -0.91650255, -0.50467559,
       -1.01163067,  0.28069416, -0.35173081, -0.89731573,  1.08407209,
       -1.69627407,  0.07576669, -0.08138856,  1.46850213,  0.36764678,
        0.0687904 ,  1.61086781, -0.90819236, -0.60426599,  0.81166916,
        0.29945399, -0.56891978, -1.67152667, -0.69264555, -0.45211381,
        0.30505253,  0.11921514, -1.26780228, -0.017003  ,  0.91574513,
       -0.26769486, -0.72651488,  0.04675951, -0.53645195, -0.03073815,
       -0.71287014, -0.40548066, -1.16452118,  1.23470357,  1.14105292,
        0.20514277, -1.58428461,  1.1993169 , -0.18210597,  0.00771399,
        0.45130548,  0.98739545,  1.71867103, -1.28923256,  0.70000841,
       -2.64988258,  1.91856809,  2.27360025, -0.50856635, -0.84726367,
        0.50152163, -0.4735734 ,  0.49285562, -0.970693  ,  0.27513337,
        0.26262928,  0.73655456,  1.09339154, -0.88900962,  1.62158089])

Creating Series¶

Now let's look at creating pandas Series objects.

From an Array-Like¶

The Series constructor takes an array-like:

In [11]:

pd.Series(np.arange(5))

Out[11]:

0    0
1    1
2    2
3    3
4    4
dtype: int32

This series has no name, no index name, and it has the integer values 0 through 4. Since it has no specified index, it uses a RangeIndex, which indexes, again from 0 to 4.

We can specify an index as an array-like:

In [12]:

abc = pd.Series([1, 3, 14], index=['apple', 'banana', 'carrot'])
abc

Out[12]:

apple      1
banana     3
carrot    14
dtype: int64

Now we have the values 1, 3, and 14 in a series, associated with index keys ‘apple’, ‘banana’, and ‘carrot’ respectively. We can look up values like we've seen:

In [13]:

abc.loc['banana']

Out[13]:

From a Single Value¶

The constructor can also take a single value, and create a series with that value for every element. For this use case, we must provide an index.

For example:

In [14]:

pd.Series(0, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

Out[14]:

a    0
b    0
c    0
d    0
dtype: int64

Building Up¶

With this, we can then assign other values at particular places:

In [15]:

s = pd.Series(0, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
s

Out[15]:

a    0
b    0
c    0
d    0
dtype: int64

In [16]:

s.loc['b'] = 7
s

Out[16]:

a    0
b    7
c    0
d    0
dtype: int64

We can do this with boolean masks, too — suppose we want to create a series that indicates if its index keys are odd or even:

In [17]:

s = pd.Series('odd', index=np.arange(10))
s[s.index.values % 2 == 0] = 'even'
s

Out[17]:

0    even
1     odd
2    even
3     odd
4    even
5     odd
6    even
7     odd
8    even
9     odd
dtype: object

Example: Ordinal¶

Our movies frame has a year column, indicating the year.

Certain sci-fi movies were era-defining: they had an unmistakable influence on the movies after them. Let's, for sake of an argument, define the eras as follows:

Vintage (movies through 1977, when Star Wars came out)
Star Wars (1978–1999)
Post-Matrix (after 1999)

We can do that with the following steps:

Create a Series with the index matching the movie frame, and one of the values.
Use masks based on conditions selecting the other items to fill in the othe values
(if wanted) Set up the categorical data type with a specified order.

Let's start by finding the sci-fi movies - all movies with Sci-Fi as one of their genres:

In [18]:

scifi_ids = movie_genres.loc[movie_genres['genre'] == 'Sci-Fi', 'movieID']
scifi = movies.set_index('id').loc[scifi_ids]
scifi

Out[18]:

	title	imdbID	spanishTitle	imdbPictureURL	year	rtID	rtAllCriticsRating	rtAllCriticsNumReviews	rtAllCriticsNumFresh	rtAllCriticsNumRotten	rtAllCriticsScore	rtTopCriticsRating	rtTopCriticsNumReviews	rtTopCriticsNumFresh	rtTopCriticsNumRotten	rtTopCriticsScore	rtAudienceRating	rtAudienceNumRatings	rtAudienceScore	rtPictureURL
id
24	Powder	114168	Powder - pura energía	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTIwMTQ3...	1995	powder	5.2	19.0	9.0	10.0	47.0	4.9	5.0	0.0	5.0	0.0	3.1	6650.0	67.0	http://content7.flixster.com/movie/25/59/25590...
29	La cité des enfants perdus	112682	La ciudad de los niños perdidos	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTI4MDc0...	1995	city_of_lost_children	7.0	33.0	27.0	6.0	81.0	7.2	7.0	5.0	2.0	71.0	4.0	22420.0	89.0	http://content6.flixster.com/movie/26/78/26782...
32	Twelve Monkeys	114746	Twelve monkeys: doce monos	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTQwNzg2...	1995	prem-no-public-issue	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	http://content6.flixster.com/movie/10/93/02/10...
66	Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace	116839	El cortador de césped II: más allá del ciberes...	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTg1MjM3...	1996	lawnmower_man_2_jobes_war	2.8	9.0	1.0	8.0	11.0	0.0	3.0	1.0	2.0	33.0	2.1	952.0	18.0	http://content7.flixster.com/movie/10/86/80/10...
76	Screamers	114367	Asesinos cibernéticos	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTY5NTQz...	1995	1069696-screamers	4.7	30.0	9.0	21.0	30.0	4.9	9.0	2.0	7.0	22.0	3.0	2070.0	45.0	http://content7.flixster.com/movie/27/23/27230...
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
63617	Christmas on Mars	363240	Christmas on Mars	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTYzNjQ3...	2008	christmas_on_mars	5.5	6.0	3.0	3.0	50.0	0.0	4.0	2.0	2.0	50.0	3.3	530.0	56.0	http://content6.flixster.com/movie/10/88/98/10...
63676	Tanin no kao	61065	Tanin no kao	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTk3OTkz...	1966	face_of_another	7.4	6.0	6.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	0.0	100.0	4.1	598.0	90.0	http://content8.flixster.com/movie/93/50/55/93...
63989	The Devil-Doll	27521	Muñecos infernales	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTU5MTk0...	1936	the-devildoll-the-witch-of-timbuctoo	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	http://content6.flixster.com/movie/10/87/02/10...
64497	The Day the Earth Stood Still	43456	Ultimátum a la Tierra	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTQ2MzYy...	1951	1005371-day_the_earth_stood_still	8.0	50.0	47.0	3.0	94.0	7.0	5.0	4.0	1.0	80.0	3.8	8999.0	86.0	http://content7.flixster.com/movie/10/87/31/10...
64508	Starship Troopers 3: Marauder	844760	Starship Troopers 3: Marauder	http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMTQyMTcw...	2008	starship_troopers_3	5.4	5.0	3.0	2.0	60.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	http://content9.flixster.com/movie/10/85/24/10...

740 rows × 20 columns

And start making eras:

In [19]:

era = pd.Series('Vintage', index=scifi.index)
era

Out[19]:

id
24       Vintage
29       Vintage
32       Vintage
66       Vintage
76       Vintage
          ...   
63617    Vintage
63676    Vintage
63989    Vintage
64497    Vintage
64508    Vintage
Length: 740, dtype: object

Set Star Wars for after 1977 (we won't bother with the end condition, because we'll override those values in the next step):

In [20]:

era[scifi.year > 1977] = 'Star Wars'
era

Out[20]:

id
24       Star Wars
29       Star Wars
32       Star Wars
66       Star Wars
76       Star Wars
           ...    
63617    Star Wars
63676      Vintage
63989      Vintage
64497      Vintage
64508    Star Wars
Length: 740, dtype: object

And then set 'Post-Matrix' for after 1999:

In [21]:

era[scifi.year > 1999] = 'Post-Matrix'
era

Out[21]:

id
24         Star Wars
29         Star Wars
32         Star Wars
66         Star Wars
76         Star Wars
            ...     
63617    Post-Matrix
63676        Vintage
63989        Vintage
64497        Vintage
64508    Post-Matrix
Length: 740, dtype: object

Now we can add this as a column in our data frame:

In [22]:

scifi['era'] = era

How many sci-fi movies do we have from each era?

In [23]:

sns.countplot(scifi['era'])

Out[23]:

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1fdb6bc0880>

But this era is in the wrong order! That's no good. We can fix that by making the era an ordered categorical. We often leave categorical variables as strings, unless we have a very large number of data points, but we don't get control over their order.

Let's make it a categorical variable:

In [24]:

era = era.astype('category')

And set the category order:

In [25]:

era = era.cat.reorder_categories(['Vintage', 'Star Wars', 'Post-Matrix'])
scifi['era'] = era
sns.countplot(scifi['era'])

Out[25]:

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1fdb744d850>

Creating Data Frames¶

In this section, we're going to see how to create data frames!

From One Series¶

We can create a data frame from one series by using the to_frame method, as seen in Reshaping.

Let's get a series:

In [26]:

id_s = movies['id']
id_s

Out[26]:

0            1
1            2
2            3
3            4
4            5
         ...  
10192    65088
10193    65091
10194    65126
10195    65130
10196    65133
Name: id, Length: 10197, dtype: int64

And convert it to a frame:

In [27]:

mids = id_s.to_frame('movieID')
mids

Out[27]:

	movieID
0	1
1	2
2	3
3	4
4	5
...	...
10192	65088
10193	65091
10194	65126
10195	65130
10196	65133

10197 rows × 1 columns

This preserves the index.

From Multiple Series¶

If we have multiple series, with the same or compatible indexes, we can create a data frame from a dictionary mapping column names to series:

In [28]:

titles = pd.DataFrame({
    'movieID': movies['id'],
    'title': movies['title']
})
titles

Out[28]:

	movieID	title
0	1	Toy story
1	2	Jumanji
2	3	Grumpy Old Men
3	4	Waiting to Exhale
4	5	Father of the Bride Part II
...	...	...
10192	65088	Bedtime Stories
10193	65091	Manhattan Melodrama
10194	65126	Choke
10195	65130	Revolutionary Road
10196	65133	Blackadder Back & Forth

10197 rows × 2 columns

We can also use NumPy arrays or Python lists instead of Pandas series, so long as they are all the same length.

We can also provide an index (with index=) in the data frame constructor.

From a List of Rows¶

One more way to create a data frame is from a list (or any iterable) of rows, where each row is either a tuple or a dictionary. The from_records function does this.

If the rows are dictionaries, their keys are used as column names; if they are tuples, you can specify a column name with columns=['name1', 'name2'].

One very common source of data like this is when we are reading data that comes to us in a list or file of JSON objects, or some other source of dictionaries (such as the census data, or a MongoDB connection).

For example, the Rent the Runway data comes as a GZIP-compressed list of JSON objects, one per line. We can read this into a list of JSON objects like this:

In [34]:

import json, gzip
with gzip.open('renttherunway_final_data.json.gz', 'r') as zf:
    rtr_records = [json.loads(line) for line in zf]

# dump first value of list
rtr_records[0]

Out[34]:

{'fit': 'fit',
 'user_id': '420272',
 'bust size': '34d',
 'item_id': '2260466',
 'weight': '137lbs',
 'rating': '10',
 'rented for': 'vacation',
 'review_text': "An adorable romper! Belt and zipper were a little hard to navigate in a full day of wear/bathroom use, but that's to be expected. Wish it had pockets, but other than that-- absolutely perfect! I got a million compliments.",
 'body type': 'hourglass',
 'review_summary': 'So many compliments!',
 'category': 'romper',
 'height': '5\' 8"',
 'size': 14,
 'age': '28',
 'review_date': 'April 20, 2016'}

We can then use from_records to make a data frame:

In [35]:

rtr = pd.DataFrame.from_records(rtr_records)
rtr.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 192544 entries, 0 to 192543
Data columns (total 15 columns):
 #   Column          Non-Null Count   Dtype 
---  ------          --------------   ----- 
 0   fit             192544 non-null  object
 1   user_id         192544 non-null  object
 2   bust size       174133 non-null  object
 3   item_id         192544 non-null  object
 4   weight          162562 non-null  object
 5   rating          192462 non-null  object
 6   rented for      192534 non-null  object
 7   review_text     192544 non-null  object
 8   body type       177907 non-null  object
 9   review_summary  192544 non-null  object
 10  category        192544 non-null  object
 11  height          191867 non-null  object
 12  size            192544 non-null  int64 
 13  age             191584 non-null  object
 14  review_date     192544 non-null  object
dtypes: int64(1), object(14)
memory usage: 22.0+ MB

In [36]:

rtr.head()

Out[36]:

	fit	user_id	bust size	item_id	weight	rating	rented for	review_text	body type	review_summary	category	height	size	age	review_date
0	fit	420272	34d	2260466	137lbs	10	vacation	An adorable romper! Belt and zipper were a lit...	hourglass	So many compliments!	romper	5' 8"	14	28	April 20, 2016
1	fit	273551	34b	153475	132lbs	10	other	I rented this dress for a photo shoot. The the...	straight & narrow	I felt so glamourous!!!	gown	5' 6"	12	36	June 18, 2013
2	fit	360448	NaN	1063761	NaN	10	party	This hugged in all the right places! It was a ...	NaN	It was a great time to celebrate the (almost) ...	sheath	5' 4"	4	116	December 14, 2015
3	fit	909926	34c	126335	135lbs	8	formal affair	I rented this for my company's black tie award...	pear	Dress arrived on time and in perfect condition.	dress	5' 5"	8	34	February 12, 2014
4	fit	151944	34b	616682	145lbs	10	wedding	I have always been petite in my upper body and...	athletic	Was in love with this dress !!!	gown	5' 9"	12	27	September 26, 2016

We would then need to go convert a lot of data types, but we have the data!

Note: Pandas also provides functions to read JSON lines from a file. But from_records has a lot of uses.

In [ ]: